Management of the Posterior Maxilla
in the Compromised Patient:
Historical, Current, and Future Perspectives
CONTINUED (Page 10)
REFERENCES
Thomas J. Balshi & Glenn J. Wolfinger
Periodontology 2000, Vol 33, 2003, 67-81.
References
1. Zarb GA, Zarb FL, Schmitt A. Osseointegrated implants for partially edentulous patients. Dent Clin North Am 1987;31:457-472.
2. Nevins M, Fiorellini JP. Placement of maxillary posterior implants. In: Nevins M and Mellonig JT(eds). Implant Therapy, Clinical Approaches and Evidence of Success, Vol 2. Chicago: Quintessence, 1998:153-169.
3. Martel MH. About single units, abutments, and interlocks, implants and experts. Presented at the American Academy of Fixed Prosthodontics, Chicago, 19-20 Feb 1993.
4. Gibbs C, Mahan P, Mauderli A. Limits of human bite strength. J Prosthet Dent 1986;56:226-237.
5. Hagberg C. Assessment of bite force: A review. J Craniomandib Disord Facial Oral Pain 1987; 1:162-169.
6. Brunski JB. Forces on dental implatns and interfacial stress transfer. In: Laney WR, Tolman DE (eds). Tissue Integration in Oral, Orthopedic and Maxillofacial Reconstruction. Chicago: Quintessence, 1990:108-124.
7. Balshi TJ. Preventing and resolving complications with osseointegrated implants. Dent Clin North Am 1989;33:821-868.
8. Jaffin RA, Berman CL. The excessive loss of Brånemark fixtures in type IV bone: a 5-year analysis. J Periodontol 1991;62:2-4.
9. Schnitman P, DaSilva J, Wöhrle P, Wang H, Koch G. Influence of site on implant survival: seven-year results ([abstract 1664]. J Dent Res 1993;72(3)(special issue):311.
10. Widmark G, Andersson B, Carlsson G, Lindvall A-M, Ivanoff C-J. Rehabilitation of patients with severely resorbed maxillae by means of implants with or without bone grafts: a 3- to 5-year follow-up clinical report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2001;16:73-79.
11. Bahat O. Brånemark System implants in the posterior maxilla: clinical study of 660 implants followed for 5 to 12 years. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2000;15:646-653.
12. Lazzara R, Seddiqui AA, Binon P, Feldman SA, Weiner R, Phillips R, Gonshor A. Retrospective multicenter analysis of 3I endosseous dental implants placed over a five-year period. Clin Oral Implants Res 1996;7:73-83.
13. Haas R, Mensdorff-Pouilly N, Mailath G, Watzek G. Success of 1,920 IMZ implants followed for up to 100 months. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1996:11:581-588.
14. Buchs AU, Hahn J, Vassos DM. Interim clinical study report: a threaded, hydroxylapatite-coated implant -- Five-year post-restoration safety and efficacy. J Oral Implantol 1995;21(4):266-274.
15. Langer B, Langer L, Harman I, Jorneus L. The wide fixture: a solution for special bone situations and a rescue for the compromised implant. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1993;8:400-408.
16. Summers RB. A new concept in maxillary implant surgery: the osteotome technique. Compendium 1994;15(2):152-156.
17. Aparicio C, Perales P, Rangert B. Tilted implants as an alternative to maxillary sinus grafting: a clinical, radiologic, and periotest study. Clin Impl Dent 2001;3(1):39-49.
18. Krekmanov L. Placement of posterior mandibular and maxillary implants in patients with seere bone deficiency: a clinical report of procedure. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2000;15:722-730.
19. Breine U, Brånemark P-I. Reconstruction of alveolar jaw bone. An experimental and clinical study of immediate and preformed autologous bone grafts in combination with osseointegrated implants. Scand J Plast Reconstructive Surg 1980;14:23:48.
20. Triplett RG, Schow SR, Laskin DM. Oral and maxillofacial surgery advances in implant dentistry. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2000;15:47-55.
21. Verhoeven JW, Cune MS, Terlou M, Zoon MAOW, de Putter C. The combined use of endosteal implants and iliac crest onlay grafts in the severely atrophic mandible: a longitudinal study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1997;26:351-357.
22. Hochwald DA, Davis WH. Bone grafting in the maxillary sinus floor. In Worthington P, Brånemark P-I (eds.) Advanced Osseointegration Surgery: Applications in the Maxillofacial Region. Chicago:Quintessence, 1992:175-181.
23. Smiler DG et al. Sinus lift grafts and endosseous implants: treatment of the atrophic posterior maxilla. Dent Clin North Am 1992;36(1):151-188.
24. Jensen OT, Shulman LB, Block MS, Iacono VJ. Report of the Sinus Consensus Conference of 1996. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1998;13(supplement).
25. Nevins M, Fiorellini JP. The maxillary sinus floor augmentation procedure to support implant prostheses. In: Nevins M, Mellonig JT (eds.) Implant Therapy: Clinical Approaches and Evidence of Success, vol. 2. Chicago:Quintessence, 19981998:171-195.
26. Balshi TJ. Single, tuberosity-osseintegrated implant support for a tissue-integrated prosthesis. Int J Periodont Rest Dent 1992;12:345-357.
27. Hure G. Scanner superimposed technique for the tuberosity-pterygoid implant positioning. Presented at the Advanced Osseointegration Course, Courchevel, France, February 1991.
28. Tulasne JF. Osseointegrated fixtures in the pterygoid region. In: Worthington P, Brånemark P-I (eds.) Advanced Osseointegration Surgery: Applications in the Maxillofacial Region. Chicago:Quintessence, 1992:182-188.
29. Reiser GM. Implant use in the tuberosity, pterygoid, and palatine region: anatomic and surgical considerations. In: Nevins M, Mellonig JT (eds.) Implant Therapy: Clinical Approaches and Evidence of Success, vol. 2. Chicago:Quintessence, 1998:197-207.
30. Lee SP, Paik KS, Kim MK. Anatomical study of the pyramidal process of the palatine bone in relation to implant placement in the posterior maxilla. J Oral Rehabilitation 2001;28:125-132.
31. Balshi TJ, Wolfinger GJ, Balshi SF. Analysis of 356 pterygomaxillary implants in edentulous arches for fixed prosthesis anchorage. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1999;14:398-406.
32. Balshi TJ, Lee HY, Hernandez R. The use of pterygomaxillary implants in the partially edentulous patient: a preliminary report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1995;10:89-98.
33. Bahat O. Osseointegrated implants in the maxillary tuberosity: report of 45 consecutive patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1992;7:459-467.
34. Tulasne JF. Implant treatment of missing posterior dentition. In: Albrektsson T, Zarb GA (eds). The Brånemark Osseointegrated Implant. Chicago: Quintessence, 1989.
35. Khayat P, Nader N. The use of osseointegrated implatns in the maxillary tuberosity. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent 1994;6:53-61.
36. Graves S. The pterygoid plate implant: a solution for restoring the posterior maxilla. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1994;14:513-523.
37. Ibid
38. Wolfaardt JF, Granström G, Friberg B, Jha N, Tjellström A. A retrospective study on the effects of chemotherapy on osseointegration. J Facial and Somato Prosthetics 1996;2:99-107.
39. Murrah VA. Diabetes mellitus and associated oral manifestations: a review. J Oral Pathol. 1985;14:271-281.
40. Kiokkevoid PR. Periodontal Medicine: Assessment of risk factors for disease. CDA Journal 1999;27(2)135-142.
41. Smith RA, Berger R, Dodson TB. Risk factors associated with dental implants in healthy and medically compromised patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Impl 1992;7:367-372.
42. Goodson WH, Hunt TK. Wound healing and the diabetic patient. Surg Gyn Obstet 1979;149:600-608.
43. Larkin JG, Frier BM, Ireland JT. Diabetes mellitus and infection. Postgrad Med J. 1985;6:233-237.
44. Rothwell BR, Richard EL. Diabetes mellitus: medical and dental consideration. Spec Care Dent 1984;4:58-65.
45. Grossi S, Skrepcinski F, et al. Response to periodontal therapy in diabetics and smokers. J Periodontol 1996;67(10-supplement):1094-1102.
46. Kapur KK et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of mandibular implant-supported overdentures and conventional dentures in diabetic patients. Part I: Methodology and clinical outcomes. J Prosthet Dent 1998;79(5):555-569.
47. Shernoff AF, Colwell JA, Bingham SF. Implants for type II diabetic patients: interim report. VA implants in diabetes study group. Impl Dent 1994;3(3)183-185.
48. Balshi TB, Wolfinger GJ. Dental implants in the diabetic patient -- a retrospective study. Impl Dent 1999;8(4):355-359.
49. Bain CA. Smoking and implant failure -- Benefits of a smoking cessation protocol. Int J Oral Maxillofac Impl 1996;11(6);756-759.
50. Bain CA, Moy PK. The association between the failure of dental implants and cigarette smoking. Int J Oral Maxillofac Impl 1993;8(6):609.
51. Kan JYK, Rungcharassaeng K, Lozada JL, Goodacre CJ. Effects of smoking on implant success in grafted maxillary sinuses. J Prosthet Dent 1999;82:307-311.
52. Hanauer SB. Bone density and IBD: introduction and overview. In: Bone density in inflammatory bowl disease, CME clinical monograph. Highlights of a symposium sponsored by the U of Chicago Pritzker School of Medecine, Crohn's & Colitis Foundtion of America, Health Learning Systems. 2001:2.
53. Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America, Inc website: www.ccfa.org/Physician/crohnsb.html.
54. Urist MR. Bone: formation by autoinduction. Science 1965;150:893899.
55. Wang EA, Rosen V, Cordes P, Hewick RM, Kriz MJ, Luxenberg DP, Sibley BS, Wozney JM. Purification and characterization of other distinct bone-inducing factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988;85:9484-9488.
56. Wozney JM, Rosen V, Celeste AJ, Mitsock LM, Whitters MJ, Kriz Rw, Hewick RM, Wang EA. Novel regulators of bone formation; molecular clones and activities. Science 1988;242:1528-1534.
57. Wikesjö UME, Hanisch O, Danesh-Meyer MJ. RhBMP-2 for alveolar bone reconstruction in implant dentistry. Dental News Website: www.dentalnews.com/insidearticl10.htm.
58. Sigurdsson TJ, Fu E, Tatakis DN, Rohrer MD, Wikesjö UME. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 enhances per-implant bone regeneration and osseointegration. Clin Oral Implants Res 1997;8:367-374.
59. Cochran DL, Schenk R, Buser D, Wozney JM, Jones AA. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 stimulation of bone formation around endosseous dental implants. J Periodontol 1999;70:139-150.
60. Hanisch O, Tatakis DN, Boskovic MM, Rohrer MD, Wikesjö UME. Bone formation and reosseointegration in peri-implantitis defects following surgical implantation of rhBMP-2. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1997;12:604-610.
61. Hanisch O, Tatakis DN, Rohrer MD, Wohrle PS, Wozney JM, Wikesjö UME. Bone formation and osseointegration stimulated by rhBMP-2 following subantral augmentation procedures in nonhuman primates. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1997;12:785-792.
View Management of Posterior Article:
Introduction -- Page 1
Standard Implant Placement --Page 2
Hard Tissue Grafting -- Page 3
Tuberosity and Pterygoid Implants -- Page 4
Treatment Planning, Clinical Results -- Page 5
Zygoma Fixtures -- Page 6
Compromised Patients, Contraindications -- Page 7
Future Considerations -- Page 8
Conclusion -- Page 9
References -- Page 10
Figures and Graphics -- Page 11
Figures and Graphics -- Page 12
PDF Format
Click here to see an Overview of Pi Dental Center
More Information
Home | Write Us to Request Information or Ask a Dental Question
To make an appointment for an evaluation, call:
1-800-PI-TEAM-5
1-800-748-3265
All information is intended for your general knowledge only and is not a substitute for dental or medical advice or treatment for specific dental or medical conditions. You should seek prompt dental and medical care for any specific health issues. See disclaimer.
Copyright 2009 Pi Dental Center (Prosthodontics Intermedica).
Management of the Posterior Maxilla
in the Compromised Patient:
Historical, Current, and Future Perspectives
CONTINUED (Page 10)
REFERENCES
Thomas J. Balshi & Glenn J. Wolfinger
Periodontology 2000, Vol 33, 2003, 67-81.
1. Zarb GA, Zarb FL, Schmitt A. Osseointegrated implants for partially edentulous patients. Dent Clin North Am 1987;31:457-472.
2. Nevins M, Fiorellini JP. Placement of maxillary posterior implants. In: Nevins M and Mellonig JT(eds). Implant Therapy, Clinical Approaches and Evidence of Success, Vol 2. Chicago: Quintessence, 1998:153-169.
3. Martel MH. About single units, abutments, and interlocks, implants and experts. Presented at the American Academy of Fixed Prosthodontics, Chicago, 19-20 Feb 1993.
4. Gibbs C, Mahan P, Mauderli A. Limits of human bite strength. J Prosthet Dent 1986;56:226-237.
5. Hagberg C. Assessment of bite force: A review. J Craniomandib Disord Facial Oral Pain 1987; 1:162-169.
6. Brunski JB. Forces on dental implatns and interfacial stress transfer. In: Laney WR, Tolman DE (eds). Tissue Integration in Oral, Orthopedic and Maxillofacial Reconstruction. Chicago: Quintessence, 1990:108-124.
7. Balshi TJ. Preventing and resolving complications with osseointegrated implants. Dent Clin North Am 1989;33:821-868.
8. Jaffin RA, Berman CL. The excessive loss of Brånemark fixtures in type IV bone: a 5-year analysis. J Periodontol 1991;62:2-4.
9. Schnitman P, DaSilva J, Wöhrle P, Wang H, Koch G. Influence of site on implant survival: seven-year results ([abstract 1664]. J Dent Res 1993;72(3)(special issue):311.
10. Widmark G, Andersson B, Carlsson G, Lindvall A-M, Ivanoff C-J. Rehabilitation of patients with severely resorbed maxillae by means of implants with or without bone grafts: a 3- to 5-year follow-up clinical report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2001;16:73-79.
11. Bahat O. Brånemark System implants in the posterior maxilla: clinical study of 660 implants followed for 5 to 12 years. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2000;15:646-653.
12. Lazzara R, Seddiqui AA, Binon P, Feldman SA, Weiner R, Phillips R, Gonshor A. Retrospective multicenter analysis of 3I endosseous dental implants placed over a five-year period. Clin Oral Implants Res 1996;7:73-83.
13. Haas R, Mensdorff-Pouilly N, Mailath G, Watzek G. Success of 1,920 IMZ implants followed for up to 100 months. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1996:11:581-588.
14. Buchs AU, Hahn J, Vassos DM. Interim clinical study report: a threaded, hydroxylapatite-coated implant -- Five-year post-restoration safety and efficacy. J Oral Implantol 1995;21(4):266-274.
15. Langer B, Langer L, Harman I, Jorneus L. The wide fixture: a solution for special bone situations and a rescue for the compromised implant. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1993;8:400-408.
16. Summers RB. A new concept in maxillary implant surgery: the osteotome technique. Compendium 1994;15(2):152-156.
17. Aparicio C, Perales P, Rangert B. Tilted implants as an alternative to maxillary sinus grafting: a clinical, radiologic, and periotest study. Clin Impl Dent 2001;3(1):39-49.
18. Krekmanov L. Placement of posterior mandibular and maxillary implants in patients with seere bone deficiency: a clinical report of procedure. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2000;15:722-730.
19. Breine U, Brånemark P-I. Reconstruction of alveolar jaw bone. An experimental and clinical study of immediate and preformed autologous bone grafts in combination with osseointegrated implants. Scand J Plast Reconstructive Surg 1980;14:23:48.
20. Triplett RG, Schow SR, Laskin DM. Oral and maxillofacial surgery advances in implant dentistry. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2000;15:47-55.
21. Verhoeven JW, Cune MS, Terlou M, Zoon MAOW, de Putter C. The combined use of endosteal implants and iliac crest onlay grafts in the severely atrophic mandible: a longitudinal study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1997;26:351-357.
22. Hochwald DA, Davis WH. Bone grafting in the maxillary sinus floor. In Worthington P, Brånemark P-I (eds.) Advanced Osseointegration Surgery: Applications in the Maxillofacial Region. Chicago:Quintessence, 1992:175-181.
23. Smiler DG et al. Sinus lift grafts and endosseous implants: treatment of the atrophic posterior maxilla. Dent Clin North Am 1992;36(1):151-188.
24. Jensen OT, Shulman LB, Block MS, Iacono VJ. Report of the Sinus Consensus Conference of 1996. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1998;13(supplement).
25. Nevins M, Fiorellini JP. The maxillary sinus floor augmentation procedure to support implant prostheses. In: Nevins M, Mellonig JT (eds.) Implant Therapy: Clinical Approaches and Evidence of Success, vol. 2. Chicago:Quintessence, 19981998:171-195.
26. Balshi TJ. Single, tuberosity-osseintegrated implant support for a tissue-integrated prosthesis. Int J Periodont Rest Dent 1992;12:345-357.
27. Hure G. Scanner superimposed technique for the tuberosity-pterygoid implant positioning. Presented at the Advanced Osseointegration Course, Courchevel, France, February 1991.
28. Tulasne JF. Osseointegrated fixtures in the pterygoid region. In: Worthington P, Brånemark P-I (eds.) Advanced Osseointegration Surgery: Applications in the Maxillofacial Region. Chicago:Quintessence, 1992:182-188.
29. Reiser GM. Implant use in the tuberosity, pterygoid, and palatine region: anatomic and surgical considerations. In: Nevins M, Mellonig JT (eds.) Implant Therapy: Clinical Approaches and Evidence of Success, vol. 2. Chicago:Quintessence, 1998:197-207.
30. Lee SP, Paik KS, Kim MK. Anatomical study of the pyramidal process of the palatine bone in relation to implant placement in the posterior maxilla. J Oral Rehabilitation 2001;28:125-132.
31. Balshi TJ, Wolfinger GJ, Balshi SF. Analysis of 356 pterygomaxillary implants in edentulous arches for fixed prosthesis anchorage. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1999;14:398-406.
32. Balshi TJ, Lee HY, Hernandez R. The use of pterygomaxillary implants in the partially edentulous patient: a preliminary report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1995;10:89-98.
33. Bahat O. Osseointegrated implants in the maxillary tuberosity: report of 45 consecutive patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1992;7:459-467.
34. Tulasne JF. Implant treatment of missing posterior dentition. In: Albrektsson T, Zarb GA (eds). The Brånemark Osseointegrated Implant. Chicago: Quintessence, 1989.
35. Khayat P, Nader N. The use of osseointegrated implatns in the maxillary tuberosity. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent 1994;6:53-61.
36. Graves S. The pterygoid plate implant: a solution for restoring the posterior maxilla. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1994;14:513-523.
37. Ibid
38. Wolfaardt JF, Granström G, Friberg B, Jha N, Tjellström A. A retrospective study on the effects of chemotherapy on osseointegration. J Facial and Somato Prosthetics 1996;2:99-107.
39. Murrah VA. Diabetes mellitus and associated oral manifestations: a review. J Oral Pathol. 1985;14:271-281.
40. Kiokkevoid PR. Periodontal Medicine: Assessment of risk factors for disease. CDA Journal 1999;27(2)135-142.
41. Smith RA, Berger R, Dodson TB. Risk factors associated with dental implants in healthy and medically compromised patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Impl 1992;7:367-372.
42. Goodson WH, Hunt TK. Wound healing and the diabetic patient. Surg Gyn Obstet 1979;149:600-608.
43. Larkin JG, Frier BM, Ireland JT. Diabetes mellitus and infection. Postgrad Med J. 1985;6:233-237.
44. Rothwell BR, Richard EL. Diabetes mellitus: medical and dental consideration. Spec Care Dent 1984;4:58-65.
45. Grossi S, Skrepcinski F, et al. Response to periodontal therapy in diabetics and smokers. J Periodontol 1996;67(10-supplement):1094-1102.
46. Kapur KK et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of mandibular implant-supported overdentures and conventional dentures in diabetic patients. Part I: Methodology and clinical outcomes. J Prosthet Dent 1998;79(5):555-569.
47. Shernoff AF, Colwell JA, Bingham SF. Implants for type II diabetic patients: interim report. VA implants in diabetes study group. Impl Dent 1994;3(3)183-185.
48. Balshi TB, Wolfinger GJ. Dental implants in the diabetic patient -- a retrospective study. Impl Dent 1999;8(4):355-359.
49. Bain CA. Smoking and implant failure -- Benefits of a smoking cessation protocol. Int J Oral Maxillofac Impl 1996;11(6);756-759.
50. Bain CA, Moy PK. The association between the failure of dental implants and cigarette smoking. Int J Oral Maxillofac Impl 1993;8(6):609.
51. Kan JYK, Rungcharassaeng K, Lozada JL, Goodacre CJ. Effects of smoking on implant success in grafted maxillary sinuses. J Prosthet Dent 1999;82:307-311.
52. Hanauer SB. Bone density and IBD: introduction and overview. In: Bone density in inflammatory bowl disease, CME clinical monograph. Highlights of a symposium sponsored by the U of Chicago Pritzker School of Medecine, Crohn's & Colitis Foundtion of America, Health Learning Systems. 2001:2.
53. Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America, Inc website: www.ccfa.org/Physician/crohnsb.html.
54. Urist MR. Bone: formation by autoinduction. Science 1965;150:893899.
55. Wang EA, Rosen V, Cordes P, Hewick RM, Kriz MJ, Luxenberg DP, Sibley BS, Wozney JM. Purification and characterization of other distinct bone-inducing factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988;85:9484-9488.
56. Wozney JM, Rosen V, Celeste AJ, Mitsock LM, Whitters MJ, Kriz Rw, Hewick RM, Wang EA. Novel regulators of bone formation; molecular clones and activities. Science 1988;242:1528-1534.
57. Wikesjö UME, Hanisch O, Danesh-Meyer MJ. RhBMP-2 for alveolar bone reconstruction in implant dentistry. Dental News Website: www.dentalnews.com/insidearticl10.htm.
58. Sigurdsson TJ, Fu E, Tatakis DN, Rohrer MD, Wikesjö UME. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 enhances per-implant bone regeneration and osseointegration. Clin Oral Implants Res 1997;8:367-374.
59. Cochran DL, Schenk R, Buser D, Wozney JM, Jones AA. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 stimulation of bone formation around endosseous dental implants. J Periodontol 1999;70:139-150.
60. Hanisch O, Tatakis DN, Boskovic MM, Rohrer MD, Wikesjö UME. Bone formation and reosseointegration in peri-implantitis defects following surgical implantation of rhBMP-2. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1997;12:604-610.
61. Hanisch O, Tatakis DN, Rohrer MD, Wohrle PS, Wozney JM, Wikesjö UME. Bone formation and osseointegration stimulated by rhBMP-2 following subantral augmentation procedures in nonhuman primates. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1997;12:785-792.
View Management of Posterior Article:
Introduction -- Page 1
Standard Implant Placement --Page 2
Hard Tissue Grafting -- Page 3
Tuberosity and Pterygoid Implants -- Page 4
Treatment Planning, Clinical Results -- Page 5
Zygoma Fixtures -- Page 6
Compromised Patients, Contraindications -- Page 7
Future Considerations -- Page 8
Conclusion -- Page 9
References -- Page 10
Figures and Graphics -- Page 11
Figures and Graphics -- Page 12
PDF Format
Click here to see an Overview of Pi Dental Center
More Information
Home | Write Us to Request Information or Ask a Dental Question
To make an appointment for an evaluation, call:
1-800-PI-TEAM-5
1-800-748-3265
All information is intended for your general knowledge only and is not a substitute for dental or medical advice or treatment for specific dental or medical conditions. You should seek prompt dental and medical care for any specific health issues. See disclaimer.
Copyright 2009 Pi Dental Center (Prosthodontics Intermedica).