What is amelogenesis imperfecta?
Amelogenesis imperfecta is a disorder of tooth development. This condition causes teeth to be unusually small, discolored, pitted or grooved, and prone to rapid wear and breakage. Other dental abnormalities are also possible. These defects, which vary among affected individuals, can affect both primary (baby) teeth and permanent teeth.
Researchers have described at least 14 forms of amelogenesis imperfecta. These types are distinguished by their specific dental abnormalities and by their pattern of inheritance.
How common is amelogenesis imperfecta?
The exact incidence of amelogenesis imperfecta is uncertain. Estimates vary widely, from 1 in 700 people in northern Sweden to 1 in 14,000 people in the United States.
What genes are related to amelogenesis imperfecta?
Mutations in the AMELX, ENAM, and MMP20 genes cause amelogenesis imperfecta.
The AMELX, ENAM, and MMP20 genes provide instructions for making proteins that are essential for normal tooth development. These proteins are involved in the formation of enamel, which is the hard, calcium-rich material that forms the protective outer layer of each tooth. Mutations in any of these genes alter the structure of these proteins or prevent the genes from making any protein at all. As a result, tooth enamel is abnormally thin or soft and may have a yellow or brown color. Teeth with defective enamel are weak and easily damaged.
In some cases, the genetic cause of amelogenesis imperfecta has not been identified. Researchers are working to find mutations in other genes that are responsible for this disorder.
How do people inherit amelogenesis imperfecta?
Amelogenesis imperfecta can have different inheritance patterns depending on the gene that is altered. Most cases are caused by mutations in the ENAM gene and are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. This type of inheritance means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder.
Amelogenesis imperfecta is also inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern; this form of the disorder can result from mutations in the ENAM or MMP20 gene. Autosomal recessive inheritance means two copies of the gene in each cell are altered.
About 5 percent of amelogenesis imperfecta cases are caused by mutations in the AMELX gene and are inherited in an X-linked pattern. A condition is considered X-linked if the mutated gene that causes the disorder is located on the X chromosome, one of the two sex chromosomes. In most cases, males with X-linked amelogenesis imperfecta experience more severe dental abnormalities than females with this form of this condition.
Other cases of amelogenesis imperfecta result from new mutations in these genes and occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family.
Where can I find information about treatment for amelogenesis imperfecta?
These resources address treatment or management of amelogenesis imperfecta or some of its symptoms.
· MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Amelogenesis imperfecta
· MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Tooth – abnormal colors
You might also find information on treatment of amelogenesis imperfecta in Educational resources and Patient support.
Where can I find additional information about amelogenesis imperfecta?
You may find the following resources about amelogenesis imperfecta helpful. These materials are written for the general public.
· NIH Publications – National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
· MedlinePlus – Health information (3 links)
· Educational resources – Information pages (8 links)
· Patient support – For patients and families (3 links)
You may also be interested in these resources, which are designed for healthcare professionals and researchers.
· PubMed – Recent literature
· OMIM – Genetic disorder catalog (3 links)
What other names do people use for amelogenesis imperfecta?
· A.I.
· Congenital enamel hypoplasia
See How are genetic conditions and genes named? in the Handbook.
What if I still have specific questions about amelogenesis imperfecta?
· See How can I find a genetics professional in my area? in the Handbook.
· Ask the Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center .
· Submit your question to Ask the Geneticist.
Where can I find general information about genetic conditions?
The Handbook provides basic information about genetics in clear language.
· What does it mean if a disorder seems to run in my family?
· What are the different ways in which a genetic condition can be inherited?
· If a genetic disorder runs in my family, what are the chances that my children will have the condition?
· Why are some genetic conditions more common in particular ethnic groups?
These links provide additional genetics resources that may be useful.
· Genetics and health
· Resources for Patients and Families
· Resources for Health Professionals